The drop handlebar is the most commonly one found on road bikes as it offers many different positions that a rider could use depending on the circumstances.
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The stem is the part that connects the handlebar to the fork of the bike. It's nice to get the bike with a stem that can be easily adjusted in its height. A higher stem offers a more comfortable ride while a lower setting allows the rider to be in a more aerodynamic position which is quite appreciated when riding against strong head wind.